1. Microprocessor:

• A microprocessor serves as a decision-making unit, executing instructions received from a program.
• Regardless of the programming language used, every program relies on the microprocessor for execution.

2. Math Coprocessor:

• A specialized processor dedicated solely to executing mathematical instructions, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

3. Graphical Processing Unit (GPU):

• A dedicated processor with its own memory responsible for executing instructions required to display graphical data.

4. Storage Devices:

Storage devices are responsible for storing data, either temporarily or permanently. They are classified into two types: Primary storage and Secondary storage.

a) Primary Storage Device:

• These storage devices are directly accessible to the microprocessor.
• Examples include RAM and ROM.

RAM (Random Access Memory):

• A primary electrical storage device used to store data temporarily.
• Every program gets loaded into RAM for execution purposes.

ROM (Read-Only Memory):

• Initially, ROM is considered as RAM.
• Once data is permanently written inside RAM, it becomes ROM.

b) Secondary Storage Device:

• Secondary storage devices are used for permanent data storage.
• Data is initially stored in primary storage before being transferred to secondary storage.
• Examples include Hard Disk, SSD, CD, Floppy, etc.

Hard Disk:

• A secondary storage device used to store data magnetically.
• Files are stored in the hard disk when created.

5. Input Devices:

• Input devices are used to provide input to the computer.
• Keyboard and Mouse are examples of input devices.
• The keyboard is considered the Standard Input Device (stdin).

6. Output Devices:

• These devices are used to generate output.
• Console (Monitor) and Printer are examples of output devices.
• The console is considered the Standard Output Device (stdout).

7. Motherboard:

• The main Printed Circuit Board (PCB) of a computer.
• It connects all the computer components together.
• Communication between components occurs through the motherboard.

8. System Bus:

• Consists of wires used to connect devices to the motherboard.
• It is classified into three types based on usage: Address bus, Data bus, and Control bus.